Report pursuant to Section 42 of the Agriculture Act 2020 (web version)

Ministerial foreword

Our UK-New Zealand Free Commerce Settlement (FTA), our second neacquirediated from scratch, strengthens the already shut financial relationship between our 2 nations and Shall benematch companies, houseprimarytains and consumers throughout The united kingdom.

Further, the FTA strikes us a step nearer in the direction ofs accession to The good and Progressive Settlement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), a free trade space worth £8.4 trillion in GDP.

Enhanced transparency and scrutiny Of latest FTAs Is essential to The general public and Parliament and permits us to demonstprice that The benematchs of FTAs Will not ever come On the expense of The united kingdom’s extreme statutory shieldions.

This report mannequins out in clear, concise language whOn The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA means for The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldions Inside The worlds of human well being, animal and Flowers or well being, animal welfare and the environment.

The report confirms that this agreement is According to primarytaining our home statutory shieldions, assisted by The suggestion of the unbiased Commerce and Agriculture Fee, the Meals Regulars Agency and Meals Regulars Scotland.

With 2 FTAs beneath our belt, We look forward to persevering with to progress our open And spectacular buying and promoting coverage.

The Rt Hon Anne-Marie Trevelyan MP
Secretary of State for Worldbroad Commerce and Prefacetnt of the Board of Commerce

The Rt Hon George Eustice MP
Secretary of State for Environment, Meals and Rural Affairs

Background

The UK-New Zealand Free Commerce Settlement (FTA) was signaled on 28 February 2022.

Earlier to ratification, the FTA Shall be typeally laid earlier than Parliament for scrutiny beneath the Constitutional Retype and Governance Act 2010 (CRaG). Ahead of this, and So as to assist Parliamentary scrutiny, 2 reviews Want to be laid earlier than Parliament Referring to any full, new FTA. Under Part 42 (1) of the Agriculture Act 2020, a authorities report (henceforth Usually acknowledged As a Outcome of the S.42 report) Want to be laid. The S.42 report should confacetr whether or not, or to what extent, meaconstructives in that particular Free Commerce Settlement applicin a place to trade in agricultural merchandise^{[footnote 1]} are According to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion in relation to The subsequent spaces:
(a) human, animal or Flowers or well being,
(b) animal welfare, and
(c) the environment.
Under Part 42 (4), the Secretary of State can search suggestion from unbiased, professional sources Of suggestion in getting ready the S.42 report. This should embrace the Commerce and Agriculture Fee (TAC).
The TAC’s remIt is To current suggestion on whether or not, or to what extent, the meaconstructives Inside the FTA That are applicin a place to trade in agricultural merchandise are According to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion in relation to:
a) animal or Flowers or well being
b) animal welfare, and
c) the environment
As with the S.42 report, The suggestion of the TAC Want to be laid earlier than Parliament prior to the FTA being laid for The wants of scrutiny beneath CRaG. The TAC’s suggestion on The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA was laid on Thirtieth June 2022^{[footnote 2]}.
For this report, on The united kingdom-New Zealand agreement, suggestion has Even been sought from the Meals Regulars Agency (FSA) and Meals Regulars Scotland (FSS). The FSA and FSS are statutory our bodies which collectively have obligation for human well being in relation to food shieldedty and vitamin associated problems throughout The united kingdom. The Division of Health and Social Care, As a Outcome of the department Liin a place for human well being, has Even been consulted on The primary physique of this report.

S.42 report scope and conclusions

This report confacetrs the influence of The united kingdom-NZ FTA on related UK statutory shieldions. Legal guidelines that Pertains to UK levels of statutory shieldion in human, animal or Flowers or well being, animal welfare, and the environment is broad ranging and has various territorial extent and gentleware, based mostly on the legislation in question. The UK is obliged to proceed To use in Northern Ireland the physique of EU regulation set out in Annex 2 of the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland^{[footnote 3]}.

The scope of this report extends to all meaconstructives Infacet the FTA Which are applicin a place to trade in agricultural merchandise. Accordingly, The subsequent chapters Partially or in complete are in scope of this report:

chapter 5: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Meaconstructives (which additionally embraces cooperation on Antimicrobial Resistance)
chapter 6: Animal Welfare
chapter 7: Technical Obstacles to Commerce
chapter 22: Environment
chapter 31: Dispute Settlement
chapter 32: Widespread Exceptions and Widespread Provisions

Furthermore, this report confacetrs the influence of tariff liberalisation on delicate sectors and the consistency Of these meaconstructives with The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion.
For every Of these chapters, this report assesses whether or not the meaconstructives within it are According to The upprimarytain of related UK statutory shieldions, As regards to The suggestion of the unbiased TAC, and the unbiased suggestion of the FSS and FSA wright here applicin a place. This report additionally summcome ups what every meaconstructive does To assist readcapability and beneathstanding of the influence of the FTA.

S.42 report standards

The Adjust toing standards have been used To Seek out out whether or not, or to what extent, meaconstructives are According to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldions:

As regards to the implementation of the FTA, whether or not any modifications to primary or secondary legislation are required for (a) human, animal or Flowers or well being, (b) animal welfare, and (c) the environment
whether or not tright here are any meaconstructives Inside the FTA Which have an effect on The biggest To handle of The united kingdom authorities and devolved administrations

S.42 report conclusions

The chapters above recognized as within scope of Part 42 (1), are According to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion in relation to human, animal or Flowers or well being, animal welfare, and the environment. Secondary legislation Shall be required on wine and spirits labelling, however this legislation Does not adversely influence human well being. Tright here Are not any modifications to legislation required in relation to animal or Flowers or well being, animal welfare and the environment.

Further, no meaconstructives change The biggest To handle of The united kingdom authorities and devolved administrations Inside these spaces. The non-derogation meaconstructives Inside the Environment chapter, and non-regression and non-derogation meaconstructives Inside the Animal Welfare chapter, assist The upprimarytain of statutory levels of shieldion Inside these spaces.

TAC suggestion standards and conclusions

The TAC’s full suggestion was laid in Parliament and revealed in full on 30 June 2022.

The TAC addressed 3 questions, in accordance with their phrases of reference:

1) Does the FTA require The united kingdom To vary its levels of statutory shieldion in relation to (a) animal or Flowers or well being, (b) animal welfare, and (c) environmental shieldion?

The TAC concluded that:

the FTA Does not require The united kingdom To vary its current levels of statutory shieldion in relation to animal or Flowers or well being, animal welfare and environmental shieldion.

2) Does the FTA reintypeationrce The united kingdom’s levels of statutory shieldion Inside these spaces?

The TAC concluded that:

the FTA reintypeationrces The united kingdom’s statutory shieldions Inside The worlds coated For two set offs. First, it incompanys environmental obligations that require The united kingdom To take care of its statutory shieldions Inside The worlds coated. Second, these obligations additionally Make constructive that New ZealAnd gained’t obtain a trade benefit by decreaseing its requirements of shieldion or not correctly implementing its home regulations Inside The worlds coated.

3) Does the FTA completely differentwise have an effect on The power of The united kingdom to undertake statutory shieldions Inside these spaces?

The TAC concluded that:

the FTA Does not completely differentwise have an effect on The power of The united kingdom to undertake statutory shieldions Inside The worlds coated.

Notably, the FTA Does not prohibit The united kingdom’s WTO propers To handle Inside these spaces, and even enhances these propers in some respects. In relation to the considerations raised, we concluded that, Usually, applys Did not differ In any respect (or Greater than inconfacetrably) in New Zealand and The united kingdom, and that even wright here they did, besides In a single case (pesticides) this Did not contain merchandise Extra probably to be imported to The united kingdom at an enhanced price beneath the FTA, or give A worth benefit to New Zealand producers. Even Inside the one reprimarying case wright here we agree with the considerations raised, regarding pesticides Utilized in New Zealand Which are prohibited Inside The united kingdom, we concluded thOn the FTA Did not scale again The united kingdom’s current propers beneath WTO regulation To handle imports. The UK proceeds To have The power To relaxationrict imports of merchandise So as To shield human, animal or Flowers or well being Inside The united kingdom, and it has enhanced propers beneath the FTA To Enconstructive that New Zealand Does not fail to ‘endeavour’ To take care of extreme levels of environmental shieldion. We Did not by no meanstheless confacetr it probably that New Zealand’s current pesticide guidelines would put it in brevery of this obligation.

Lastly, the TAC famous that:

The united kingdom Is in a place to undertake selections beneath the agreement, Collectively with New Zealand, Which will constrain its freedom To handle Finally. Furthermore It is important To discover that enhanced imports beneath the FTA might enhance the workload of UK border administration enterprisees.

This report confacetrs conclusions from the TAC report Inside the related sections under.

FSA and FSS suggestion conclusions

The FSA and FSS’ suggestion is annexed to this report.

In abstract, The suggestion concludes thOn the meaconstructives Inside The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA are According to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion in relation to human well being. It notes that: “The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA retains current food shieldedty and vitamin statutory shieldions in accordance with UK regulations and regulations”.

No modifications to The united kingdom food regulatory system are required To current influence to this FTA On The objective of entry into strain.

The FTA textual content material preserves the regulatory autonomy of The united kingdom authorities and devolved administrations with respect to food shieldedty and vitamin associated problems And gained’t prejudge any future selections On this regard, Which might proceed to be taken by well being ministers throughout The united kingdom intypeationrmed by clear suggestion on science and proof from the FSA, FSS, and completely different professional our bodies wright here applicin a place, together with The united kingdom Nutrition and Health Clpurposes Committee. That is key to upprimarytaining statutory shieldions Finally.

Free trade agreement meaconstructives

FTA chapter 5: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Meaconstructives

Chapter abstract and conclusion

This chapter mannequins out The equipment of SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) meaconstructives to trade between The united kingdom and New Zealand. The UK and New Zealand have an current Sanitary Settlement which cowls and facilitates trade in animal merchandise, so the chapter focmakes use of on trade in crops, plant merchandise, and course ofed plant-based mostly meals. The chapter additionally mannequins out mutual dedications to coopeprice on combatting antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

The FTA Does not create any new permissions or authorisations for imports from New Zealand. All merchandise imported into The united kingdom should, As a Outcome of they do now, Adjust to our import requirements. Nor does the chapter require The united kingdom To vary its current levels of statutory shieldion.

In relation to human well being, the FSA and FSS concluded The subsequent:

The SPS chapter textual content material agreed with New Zealand is of factorary signalificance When it Includes reserving The united kingdom’s proper To take care of current regulations and regulations To shield human life and well being, together with food shieldedty and vitamin. Furthermore It is important thOn the agreed textual content material has not impinged on The biggest method food regulation regulation and enstrainment is carried out Inside The united kingdom.

It is the view of The federal authorities that this chapter is According to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion in relation to human, animal or Flowers or well being; moreover, nofactor Inside the chapter modifications or prohibits The biggest To handle of The united kingdom or Devolved Administrations.

Scope

Almost all of Chapter 5, Afacet from the Artworkicles listed under, is Infacet the scope of this report, in that it applies to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion on human, animal or Flowers or well being.

Artworkicles 5.5, 5.15, 5.16, 5.18 are outfacet the scope of this report. These primarily relate to cooperation or governance meaconstructives of the FTA, with no influence on UK statutory shieldions.

Artworkicle 5.19 (Dispute Settlement) Is roofed beneath chapter 31: Dispute Settlement On this report

Artworkicles

Artworkicle 5.1 Definitions: This textual content material mannequins out thOn the definitions of the WTO SPS Settlement (as set out in Annex A to that agreement), and the definitions undertakeed beneath the Codex Alimentarius, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and Worldbroad Plant Safety Convention (IPPC) shall apply to the chapter. These provisions assist an interpretation of the language used On this chapter that is According to the definitions Which are Utilized in WTO SPS Settlement and these internationbroad organisations.

Artworkicle 5.2 Scope: This textual content material mannequins out the scope of the chapter. Wright hereas it specifies That Each one SPS meaconstructives Which will immediately or Inimmediately have an effect on trade between the Events Might be confacetred beneath the chapter, it Does not apply to meaconstructives coated beneath The united kingdom-New Zealand Sanitary Settlement^{[footnote 4]}, which cowls trade in stay animals and animal merchandise. In apply, This suggests the SPS chapter applies primarily to trade in crops, plant merchandise, and completely different regulated Artworkicles. Sepapricely, the chapter additionally applies to cooperation on antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Artworkicle 5.3 Goals: This textual content material set upes The goals of the chapter, and whilst They’ve not any direct influence on The united kingdom levels of statutory shieldion, they signal the intention of the chapter And ought to have an effect on its interpretation.

Artworkicle 5.4 Affirmation of the SPS Settlement: The Events have current propers and obligations in the direction ofs Each completely different beneath the WTO SPS Settlement.

This textual content material affirms thOn the Events will proceed to have these propers and obligations^{[footnote 5]}. The SPS chapter can’t take amethod these WTO propers and obligations, which, wright here applicin a place, Want to be noticed when The united kingdom set upes or modifies its levels of statutory shieldion.

Artworkicle 5.6 Equivalence: This textual content material mannequins out thOn The united kingdom shall recognise New Zealand’s SPS meaconstructives as equal, even wright here they differ from ours, currentd New Zealand can objectively demonstprice thOn these meaconstructives obtain The identical levels of shieldion Infacet The united kingdom as our personal meaconstructives.

As the chapter primarily applies to phytosanitary meaconstructives, the textual content material requires The united kingdom and New Zealand To use the guidelines of the IPPC by Adjust toing Worldbroad Regular for Phytosanitary Meaconstructives (ISPM) No. 24 in figuring out equivalence. Provisions for The recognition of equivalence for sanitary meaconstructives making use of to animals and animal merchandise are set out Inside The united kingdom-New Zealand Sanitary Settlement. No new recognitions of equivalence have been made as An factor of the FTA neacquirediations.

Artworkicle 5.7 Recognition of Pest Freedom: This textual content material mannequins out the provisions on areaalisation As a Outcome of it applies to crops, plant merchandise, and completely different regulated Artworkicles. Provisions on areaalisation As a Outcome of it applies to animals and animal merchandise are set out Inside The united kingdom-New Zealand Sanitary Settlement.

Regionalisation is wright here WTO members adapt their SPS meaconstructives to the traits of The world wright here the product originated and of wright here It is destined. It mannequins up a framework for assessing the shieldedty of imports wright here the exporting nation has a localised pest or illness outbreak. This article applies solely to crops and plant merchandise and recognises, For event, the cas quickly aspt of pest-free spaces and mannequins out The biggests and duties of each Events in managing pest outbreaks.

This textual content material beneathstrains the signalificance of home legislation Aimed in the direction of shielding plant well being, as The united kingdom authorities Could make an proof-based mostly choice To ban or permit particular product imports or imports from A particular area or location.

Artworkicle 5.8 Hazard Evaluation: This textual content material mannequins out thOn the Events shall base their SPS meaconstructives on a risk analysis in accordance with the WTO SPS Settlement, In the event that they do not Appear to be based mostly on related internationbroad requirements, cas quickly aspts, or ideas.

The chapter makes reference to Artworkicle 5 of the WTO SPS Settlement, Which incompanys The united kingdom’s proper beneath Artworkicle 5.7 to undertake provisional meaconstructives on The cas quickly aspt of pertinent intypeation wright here Tright here’s insufficient scientific proof.

The TAC’s suggestion (p.16) famous that:

It Is not anyt completely clear from Artworkicle 5.8 of the FTA whether or not The united kingdom’s proper to undertake provisional meaconstructives aprolongedside these strains has been primarytained Inside the FTA.

The authorities’s place is thOn the FTA retains The united kingdom’s proper to take provisional or precautionary meaconstructives for human and animal well being features and Does not intrude with our current WTO propers to take such an strategy.

The FTA states that SPS meaconstructives Should be “based mostly on a risk analysis carried out in accordance with related provisions, together with Artworkicle 5 of the SPS Settlement.” As famous above, We’re clear that this embraces taking provisional meaconstructives wright here scientific proof is insufficient, which is detailed in Artworkicle 5 of the SPS Settlement.

Artworkicle 5.9 Audit: This textual content material mannequins out the position of audits. The Artworkicle mannequins out how such audits shall be carried out, And the method meaconstructives Might be taken in consequence of an audit.

Artworkicle 5.10 Commerce Circumstances: This textual content material mannequins out The numerous requirements That every nation’s import regime Must Adjust to, with the intention of facilitating trade. These embrace that import requirements shall be made out tright here; pointless or unduly burdensome intypeation requests shall be primarytain away fromed; risk evaluations shall be made out tright here within An Low price Time interval; and institutions or amenities accredited by the exporting celebration, in accordance with The requirements of the importing Party, shall be settle fored with out subsequent course ofes.

Artworkicle 5.11 Emergency meaconstructives: The SPS chapter Does not place any prohibitions on The united kingdom’s capability to enact emergency SPS meaconstructives wright here Tright here is A particular risk to animal, plant or human life or well being. The Artworkicle introduces a notification requirement and, Provided that emergency meaconstructives have an effect on current trade flows, mannequins out how technical sessions Might be requested. It obliges The united kingdom To imagine about intypeation currentd promptly by New Zealand when deciding whether or not To use the meaconstructive to items in transit, to start a science-based mostly consider of the meaconstructive as quickly as potential, consider the meaconstructive as required and, on request, to share the justification for primarytaining the meaconstructive, if it reprimarys in place. That is According to preserving The united kingdom’s freedom to set and primarytain its levels of statutory shieldion in response to new rising risks.

Artworkicle 5.12 Import Checks And prices: This textual content material mannequins out thOn The united kingdom has The biggest To primarytain out import checks, as outlined in article 5.1.3(b), based mostly on the SPS risk Related to imports, To Enconstructive merchandise Adjust to our import requirements and meet statutory shieldions. The UK can take movement on the grounds of non-compliance if merchandise Do not meet import requirements, however this Desires to be based mostly on an evaluation of The danger containd And by no means be more trade-prohibitive than required To understand our applicin a place diploma of shieldion.

Artworkicle 5.13 Certification: This textual content material mannequins the guidelines that apply to phytosanitary certification, and that each nations will apply the internationbroad requirements in ISPMs No 7 and No 12. Particularly, each Events recognise The set uped order that certification Is not anyt presently required for trade in low-risk food commodities Infacet the scope of this chapter, and thOn the introduction of A mannequin new certification requirement for trade Inside these low-risk meals Can be based mostly on a risk evaluation.

However, the chapter Is apparent that nofactor shall preclude The united kingdom or New Zealand from requiring phytosanitary certification for trade in food Infacet the scope of this chapter.

Artworkicle 5.14 Cooperation on Antimicrobial Resistance: Both The united kingdom and New Zealand recognise that AMR is a critical menace to human and animal well being. This textual content material focmakes use of on bilateral and multilateral cooperation, together with surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial use and the trade Of intypeation and expertise useful To deal wifactor AMR. The Artworkicle commits each Events to exploring initiatives To promote the discount or prohibition of pointless use of antibiotic brokers Inside the rearing of animals for food manufacturing. “Unneeded use” means any use of antibiotic brokers in animals Afacet from use which Is important for shieldedguarding animal well being, when Tright here’s not a influenceive various selection. The UK and New Zealand additionally recognise that shielding the efficacy of essential antibiotic brokers is a core focus of our respective AMR stpricegies.

This textual content material additionally focmakes use of on bilateral and multilateral cooperation, together with the trade Of intypeation, expertise, knowledge, and expertises useful to combatting AMR, with a view to assisting the implementing Of every nation’s nationbroad movement plan.

Artworkicle 5.17 Technical sessions: This textual content material mannequins out that if A celebration confacetrs that an SPS meaconstructive or draft meaconstructive within scope of the chapter, or its implementation, is inAccording to the chapter It’d request technical sessions. The purpose of technical sessions is to share intypeation and enhance mutual beneathstanding, with a view to resolving any considerations Cas quickly asrning The exact meaconstructive That is the primeic of the sessions within An Low price Time interval.

FTA chapter 6: Animal Welfare

Chapter abstract and conclusion

This chapter incompanys meaconstructives that recognise the signalificance of the welfare of farmed animals, together with reaffirming the dedication from each The united kingdom and New Zealand to enhancing and advancing the animal welfare shieldion includeed Inside their respective regulations and regulations.

Tright here Are not any modifications required to statutory shieldions throughout The united kingdom and the chapter explicitly beneathstrains The Greater of The united kingdom To handle On this space.

Thus, this chapter is According to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion in relation to animal welfare.

Scope

Artworkicles 6.1 To six.3 are Infacet the scope of this report, in thOn they apply to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion on animal welfare. Notably, Artworkicle 6.3 affirms The united kingdom’s proper To handle and set upes non-regression and non-derogation clamakes use of on animal welfare.

Wright hereas Artworkicle 6.4 (Cooperation) Does not fall immediately Infacet the scope of this report, It is confacetred In brief, as each Events Decide to collaboration And intypeation sharing with a view to enhancing animal welfare requirements.

Artworkicle 6.5 is out of scope of this report as this Artworkicle Pertains to inter-authoritiesal cooperation on the meaconstructives On this chapter and thus has no influence on statutory shieldions.

Artworkicle 6.6 (Dispute Settlement) Is roofed beneath chapter 31: Dispute Settlement On this report.

Artworkicles

Artworkicle 6.1 Goals: This textual content material mannequins out The goal of the chapter, which is To reintypeationrce cooperation between the Events on the welfare of farmed animals.

Artworkicle 6.2 Widespread Provisions: This textual content material mannequins out that each Events recognise animals as sentient beings and recognise the connection between enhanced animal welfare and food manufacturing methods. It additionally set upes thOn the shieldion and enhancement of animal welfare might type An factor of A celebration’s trade objectives.

Artworkicle 6.3 Right to Regulate and Enchancment of Farmed Animal Welfare: This textual content material affirms The biggest Of every Party To handle on problems pertaining to animal welfare, in A style According to internationbroad dedications, together with The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA.

We are constructing on the precedent set Inside the Australia FTA by having a devoted animal welfare chapter Which incompanys dedications on non-regression and non-derogation. Each Party recognises that It is inapplicin a place to encourage bilateral trade or funding by weakening or reducing its levels of shieldion for animal welfare. Each Party additionally reaffirms their dedication to enhancing and advancing the shieldion afforded to the welfare of farmed animals in its animal welfare regulations and regulations. It additionally mannequins out That every Party shall use its biggest endeavours to not weaken or scale again the shieldion afforded to the welfare of farmed animals and that nboth Party shall waive, or derogate from, its regulations and regulations in A style that materially have an effect ons trade or funding between the Events.

Further, the Events recognise thOn their farming applys are substantively completely different however That every Party affords a extreme precedence to animal welfare in its farming applys and that in a quantity of areAs a Outcome of their respective animal welfare regulations, regulations, and insurance coverage policies current comparin a place outcomes. This Does not pre-suppose any recognition of equivalence of animal welfare requirements between the Events.

Artworkicle 6.4 Cooperation: This textual content material set out strong dedications on proceedd collaboration and cooperation, together with by way of the trade Of intypeation, expertise and expertises To enhance mutual beneathstanding and enhance animal welfare requirements. Although these dedications Have not any direct influence on UK levels of statutory shieldion, They assist facilitate each The united kingdom and New Zealand in going further to develop and enhance animal welfare requirements, As properly as to promoting animal welfare requirements in internationbroad fora.

FTA chapter 7: Technical Obstacles to Commerce

Chapter abstract and conclusion

This chapter mannequins out meaconstructives on Technical Obstacles to Commerce (TBT). TBT cowls non-tariff meaconstructives Referring to technical regulations, requirements and contypeity evaluation (testing whether or not a product complies with The guidelines).

TBT cowls trade in all merchandise (each agricultural and industrial), besides authorities procurement or SPS meaconstructives. Examples of TBT regulations embrace standardised packaging of tobacco merchandise and minimal cocoa requirements for chocolate.

This chapter builds on dedications Inside the WTO TBT Settlement.^{[footnote 6]} It recognises every nation’s proper, beneath that Settlement, to introduce new regulations to fulfil respectable coverage objectives, Similar to a Outcome of the shieldion of human, animal and Flowers or well being and the environment. At The identical time, the parties commit that any regulations they introduce Are not anyn-discriminatory And do not create pointless barriers to trade.

Annex 7A of the TBT chapter incompanys meaconstructives: To Reduce or primarytain away from barriers Related to oenological (manufacturing) applys; on labelling for shopper intypeation on wine and spirits; and on wine certification. Secondary legislation Shall be required on wine and spirits labelling, together with permitting more particular intypeation on alcohol proportion. These modifications Do not adversely influence human well being and so are According to The upprimarytain of statutory shieldions.

This chapter Does not require any modifications to UK levels of statutory shieldions in relation to human, animal and Flowers or well being and the environment.

Scope

Almost all of chapter 7, Afacet from Annex 7A and the Artworkicles listed under, is within scope of this report, given the relation of TBT to The worlds Laid out in Part 42.2(a) of the Agriculture Act.

Artworkicles 7.5, 7.10 to 7.13 And seven.15 to 7.17 are outfacet the scope of this report. These relate to pure cooperation or governance meaconstructives and embrace some non-agricultural merchandise such as human medicinal merchandise, with no influence on UK statutory shieldions As a Outcome of they relate to Part 42.2(a).

Dispute settlement Is roofed beneath chapter 31: Dispute Settlement On this report.

Artworkicles

Artworkicle 7.1 Scope: This textual content material states that related definitions Present in Annex 1 of the TBT Settlement apply and mannequins out additional definitions related to this chapter.

Artworkicle 7.2 Goals: This textual content material mannequins out The goals of the chapter, That are To enhance and facilitate trade in items by eliminating pointless technical barriers to trade and completely different meaconstructives such Almost as good regulatory apply.

Artworkicle 7.3 Scope: This textual content material mannequins out The equipment of the meaconstructives On this chapter. It states that technical regulations, requirements and contypeity evaluation procedures at central authorities diploma are within scope. The besidesions to this are authorities procurement or SPS meaconstructives.

7.3.4 currents that nofactor On this chapter forelaxationalls the Events from creating regulation Based on their internationbroad propers and obligations, tright hereby beneathlining The united kingdom’s proper To handle in TBT problems.

Artworkicle 7.4 Incorporation of Sure Provisions of the TBT Settlement: In this Artworkicle each Events affirm their propers and obligations beneath the TBT Settlement, That are coated In brief Inside the Chapter Summary. Artworkicles 2 and 5, Annex 1 and paragraphs D to F of Annex 3 of the WTO TBT Settlement are incompanyd into the TBT chapter of this FTA.

Artworkicle 7.6 Worldbroad Regulars, Guides, And proposals: In line with current WTO dedications, The united kingdom and New Zealand Comply with base technical regulations on related internationbroad requirements wright here they exist. In figuring out whether or not A conventional is internationbroad, each parties will apply the related definitions as They’re set out and referred to in Annex 1 to the TBT Settlement and Adjust to the guidelines and procedures set out Inside the WTO TBT Committee Decision on Worldbroad Regulars.

Artworkicle 7.7 Equivalency of Technical Regulation: The UK and New Zealand will confacetr, upon request, whether or not product regulations of The completely different nation are equal to Their very personal home regulations.

Wright here regulations differ, Tright here’s scope to agree equivalence however Provided That every nation is glad thOn The completely different nation’s regulations meet The goals of home regulations.

Artworkicle 7.8 Contypeity Assessment: This textual content material mannequins out that numerous mechanisms exist to enin a place every counAttempt to recognise The outcomes of contypeity evaluation procedures carried out Overseas. Tright here Is not any obligation on both counAttempt To make the most of any Of these mechanisms.

Both The united kingdom and New Zealand will trade intypeation on contypeity evaluation procedures.

Tright here May even be acintypeationment of The prevailing UK and New Zealand Mutual Recognition Settlement, and the parties agree that, In the event that they need, They might extend the cowlage of that Settlement.

The contypeity evaluation article additionally Consists of a future consider mechanism, wright hereby within 1 yr of entry into strain, The united kingdom and New Zealand will confacetr whether or not or To not amend the article To incompany a dedication on nationbroad remedy of contypeity evaluation our bodies.

Lastly, the article embraces biggest-apply provisions on how The united kingdom and New Zealand ought to conduct contypeity evaluation. These provisions are Fixed with current UK apply And do not Transcend current UK dedications in completely different agreements.

Artworkicle 7.9 Transparency: This textual content material mannequins out meaconstructives on making certain The event of technical regulations, requirements and contypeity evaluation procedures is clear and accessible, together with with respect to notification of meaconstructives to the WTO and publication of proposals and final regulations.

Artworkicle 7.14 Marking and Labelling: This textual content material currents that, Based on WTO dedications, marking and labelling requirements Inside The united kingdom and New Zealand Want to be non-discriminatory and no more trade-prohibitive than Essential to fulfil respectable coverage objectives.

The Artworkicle specifies further requirements on labelling Which are Fixed with current UK apply And typeer dedications in completely different agreements. These embrace thOn The united kingdom and New Zealand will:

permit labelling to Happen within its territory however prior to offering the product On the market, till required for set offs of public well being and shieldedty
endeavour To merely settle for supplementary, non-everlasting or detachin a place labels, currentd that this Does not beneathmine the objective of home regulation
permit additional intypeation to be embraced on labels, past What’s required by home regulation, currentd that It isn’t complicated or deceptive

FTA chapter 22: Environment

Chapter abstract and conclusion

This chapter affirms the Events dedications to the Paris Settlement and mannequins out formidin a place meaconstructives To promote mutually assistive trade and environment insurance coverage policies, extreme levels of environmental shieldion and influenceive enstrainment of environmental regulations. It additionally embraces dedications on cooperation throughout A selection of environmental factors together with sustainin a place forelaxation administration, the round financial system, and local climate change.

Tright here Are not any modifications required to current levels of statutory shieldion. Thus, this chapter is According to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion in relation to the environment. Further, the chapter recognises The Greater of The united kingdom and New Zealand To decide Their very personal statutory shieldions on the environment and local climate change and to take movement To fulfill associated objectives.

Importantly, beneath Artworkicle 22.4 (3, 4), nboth Party shall waive, derogate from, or fail to enstrain their environmental regulations, in a method which weakens respective home statutory shieldions, to encourage trade and funding. The UK and New Zealand additionally recognise that It is inapplicin a place to encourage trade or funding by weakening or reducing home statutory shieldions.

That is assisted by The subsequent conclusion Inside the TAC’s suggestion (p.26, 36-37):

…the FTA preserves the authorizedity of any UK statutory shieldion of the environment That Can be justified beneath WTO regulation and, in relation to local climate change meaconstructives, makes it simpler in apply to justify such meaconstructives.

First, The united kingdom not solely has a proper To take care of its statutory shieldions, However it has an obligation To take movement, in certain conditions. The UK has a gentle obligation To current For prime levels of environmental shieldion […], an obligation To not derogate from or waive certain of its home environmental regulations […] if this hAs a Outcome of the objective of encouraging trade or funding between the parties (environment) […] and an obligation To not fail to enstrain certain of its environmental regulations so as to encourage trade and funding.

Second, The united kingdom Is ready To shield its levels of statutory shieldion Inimmediately by making certain that New Zealand Does not obtain an financial benefit by decreaseing its requirements of shieldion, in certain conditions, or not correctly implementing its home regulations. Notably, The united kingdom Is in a place to start dispute settlement proceedings if New Zealand fails to abide by its obligations Inside the environmental chapter.

Scope

Almost all of chapter 22, Afacet from the Artworkicles listed under, is within scope of this report, in that it applies to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion on the environment.

Artworkicles 22.17 to 22.25 are outfacet the scope of this report. They relate to meaconstructives on company social duties, or cooperation and public work togetherment, with no influence on The upprimarytain of UK statutory shieldions.

Artworkicle 22.26 (Dispute Decision) Is roofed beneath chapter 31: Dispute Settlement On this report.

Artworkicles

Artworkicle 22.1 Definitions: This textual content material mannequins out definitions of environmental regulation and multilateral environmental agreements to which The united kingdom and New Zealand are celebration. As properly as, the article outstrains related multilateral agreements (e.g., Montreal and CITES).

Artworkicle 22.2 Māori Environmental Ideas: This textual content material mannequins out definitions of Māori environmental cas quickly aspts that each Events recognise as important to the environment in New Zealand.

Artworkicle 22.3 Contextual content material and Goals: This textual content material outstrains the contextual content material of this chapter, By which each Events rename the internationbroad agreements listed in 22.3.1. The Artworkicle additionally mannequins out The goals of the chapter which embrace promoting mutually assistive trade and environmental insurance coverage policies, promoting extreme levels of environmental shieldion and addressing the pressing menace of local climate change.

Artworkicle 22.4 Widespread Commitments: This textual content material mannequins out a quantity of statements and dedications on environmental shieldion, such as recognising The biggest Of every Party To handle on problems pertaining to environmental shieldion, together with local climate change and committing to endeavour To enhance its respective levels of environmental shieldion.

22.4.3-4 specifies that nboth The united kingdom or New Zealand shall waive, derogate from, or fail to enstrain their environmental regulations, in a method which weakens respective home statutory shieldions, to encourage trade and funding.

Artworkicle 22.5 Multilateral Environmental Settlements: This textual content material affirms each UK and New Zealand’s dedication to implement multilateral environmental agreements to which They Appear to be a celebration.

Artworkicle 22.6 Climate Change: This textual content material affirms each The united kingdom and New Zealand’s dedication To deal with local climate change, together with beneath The two015 Paris Settlement. It mannequins out that each Events Decide to cooperation on addressing local climate change and thOn the FTA Does not forelaxationall the Events from taking meaconstructives to fulfil their dedications beneath the Paris Settlement and the UNFCCC, currentd that such meaconstructives Aren’t utilized in A style Which might recurrent A Stpricegy of arbitrary or unjustifiin a place discrimination in the direction ofs The completely different Party or a disguised prohibition on trade.

Artworkicles 22.7 to 22.9 and 22.11 to 22.16 Specific Artworkicles on environmental factors: These Artworkicles Confacetr dedications and bilateral cooperation in numerous spaces, together with discount of air air ballotution, transition To wash power, sustainin a place forelaxation administration And inspiring trade in environmental and low emissions utilized sciences by way of eliminating tariffs on certain environmental items.

These Artworkicles Do not have an effect on statutory shieldions and extremelight the depth of UK and New Zealand dedications Inside the chapter To deal wifactor local climate change and spaces of environment in our trade provides.

Artworkicle 22.10 Maintainin a place Agriculture: This textual content material mannequins out that each Events recognise the signalificance of implementing and strengthening insurance coverage policies that contrihowevere to The event of more productive, sustainin a place, inclusive and resilient agricultural methods. Accordingly, The united kingdom and New Zealand Decide to take meaconstructives To Reduce greenhouse gasoline emissions from agricultural manufacturing and promote sustainin a place agriculture and associated trade.

Other chapters

Chapter 31 – Dispute Settlement

This chapter incompanys provisions that commit each Events to influenceive and well timed dispute settlement. This will current A clear avenue to arbitration if required.

The Dispute Settlement chapter applies to the Commerce in National Treatment and Market Entry for Goods chapter, the Environment chapter, Technical Obstacles to Commerce and the Widespread Provisions and Exceptions chapter.

The Dispute Settlement chapter Does not apply to the SPS chapter (Artworkicle 5.19) or the Animal Welfare chapter (Artworkicle 6.6).

Chapter 32 – Widespread Provisions and Exceptions

Chapter 32 Consists of a collection of besidesions Which give conditions beneath which A celebration can take non-contypeing meaconstructives ought to they be required. Those besidesions related to the scope of this report are embraced By Technique of the Widespread Exceptions Artworkicle That comes with Artworkicle XX of the Widespread Settlement on Tariffs and Commerce (GATT) 1994^{[footnote 7]} (which types An factor of the WTO authorized framework). The Widespread Exceptions Artworkicle applies to a quantity of chapters, as listed, together with the SPS, Animal Welfare and TBT chapters. Topic to The exact conditions stipulated Infacet the chapeau of Artworkicle XX, such as primarytain away froming arbitrary or unjustifiin a place discrimination, these general besidesions permit The united kingdom to take meaconstructives To shield respectable coverage objectives.

Meaconstructives Which are within scope of the Widespread Exceptions embrace meaconstructives needed To shield public morals, human, animal or Flowers or well being, together with meaconstructives Essential to mitigate in the direction ofs local climate change and meaconstructives Referring to the conservation of dwelling and non-dwelling exhaustible assets. The inclusion of this language assists To shield The united kingdom’s sovereign ‘proper To handle’ domestinamey on Pretty A pair of factors, together with the environment. That is important as The united kingdom appears To fulfill its internationbroad dedications on the environment, nature and biodiversity.

Impact of tariffs

Tariff liberalisation Inside The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA

The UK-New Zealand FTA will liberalise trade in items between The two nations. This embraces the eradicating of all tariffs on UK and New Zealand imports, subject to guidelines of origin, making it Low priceer to trade originating merchandise between The united kingdom and New Zealand. In 2021, complete trade in items between The united kingdom and New Zealand was £1.6 billion, with £863m being exports from The united kingdom.^{[footnote 8]}

New Zealand agreed to get rid of tariffs on 100% of tariff strains on the day of entry into strain of the agreement. The UK agreed to get rid of tariffs on 100% of tariff strains, with 96.7% being take awayd on the day of entry into strain. The relaxation Shall be staged over a most of 15 yrs.

Collectively with staging, for certain delicate agricultural merchandise, The quantity of obligation-free imports to The united kingdom from New Zealand in a yr Shall be relaxationricted by Tariff Rate Quotas (TRQ) and Product Specific Safeguards (PSS). Products subject to TRQs embrace beef, sheep meat, howeverter, cheese and apples,^{[footnote 9]} whilst beef May even be subject to a PSS. For beef and sheep, these meaconstructives will apply for As a lot as 15 yrs.

A general bilateral shieldedguard mechanism^{[footnote 10]} will current A quick stayd shieldedty internet for enterprise if it faces critical damage, or threOn tright hereof, from enhanced imports As a Outcome of of tariff elimination beneath the FTA. A bilateral shieldedguard meaconstructive can take The Sort of a reversal of tariff liberalisation or the suspension of further tariff liberalisation for As a lot as 4 yrs And will be reutilized Greater than as quickly as on The identical product, if needed. Bilateral shieldedguard meaconstructives Might be utilized provisionally for As a lot as 200 days And will Even be utilized to any product. This shieldion will final for a product’s tariff liberalisation interval plus 5 yrs So as To permit home industries time for readjustment, offering a 15-yr interval and 20-yr interval of shieldion for beef and sheep meat respectively from entry into strain of the FTA.

The influence of tariff liberalisation on UK statutory shieldions

The liberalisation of tariffs Does not entail modifications to statutory shieldions on human, animal or Flowers or well being; animal welfare; or the environment. Tariff liberalisation Does not prohibit The power of The united kingdom authorities and devolved administrations to set or revise statutory shieldions on any of the above Finally.

The UK already imports agricultural merchandise from New Zealand, together with sheep meat and beef, which have To fulfill our stringent import requirements. This embraces wright here merchandise from New Zealand are produced to requirements Which are completely different from ours, although The federal authorities notes that in a quantity of spaces UK-New Zealand animal welfare regulations, regulations, and insurance coverage policies current comparin a place outcomes. The FTA Will not Finish in new permissions or access for merchandise That are completely differentwise not permitted or current Inside The united kingdom market prior to the agreement coming into strain.

Further, each The united kingdom and New Zealand have agreed a non-regression and non-derogation clause on animal welfare, As properly as to reaffirming mutual dedications to enhancing the shieldion afforded to the welfare of farmed animals in animal welfare regulations and regulations.

Tariff liberalisation could enhance The worth aggressiveness of New Zealand merchandise Inside The united kingdom market. New Zealand is a globally aggressive exporter (accounting For 5% Of worldbroad beef exports, For event). The potential enhance in imports of such merchandise could convey benematchs to consumers, with more selection and decrease prices, however would additionally compete with home producers Inside these sectors. The aforetalked about TRQs and PSS have been launched to afford additional shieldions To assist shield delicate sectors if needed, in addition to the bilateral shieldedguard mechanism which applies to all merchandise.

As An factor of the FTA, The federal authorities has carried out an Impact Assessment,^{[footnote 11]} which confacetrs potential influences on UK sectors and currents The federal authorities’s biggest estimates of how UK imports from New Zealand might change.

Cas quickly asrns raised by the TAC

We welcome the constructive conclusions of the TAC with respect to considerations raised on the FTA by stakeprimarytainers from their public name for proof. We confacetr the considerations on pesticides and staystock transport conditions under.

Pesticides

The TAC concludes The subsequent in relation to pesticides (p. 42):

New Zealand does authorise certain pesticides To be useds Which are prohibited by The united kingdom. A distinction wants, by no meanstheless, to be drawn between the potential harmful influences of such pesticides Infacet The united kingdom, and within New Zealand. In precept, The united kingdom is permitted To shield its personal environment, animals and crops (As properly as to people), in accordance with the WTO SPS Settlement, as affirmed Inside the SPS chapter of the FTA. The FTA Does not change this. However, The united kingdom Is not anyt, in precept, permitted beneath WTO regulation To ban imports of merchandise Which are produced in A style that might set off harm to New Zealand’s environment. That is primaryally a matter For mannequin spanking new Zealand To handle, Inside the absence of any influence on The united kingdom. That said, the FTA goes further than WTO regulation On this respect, requiring New Zealand to ‘endeavour To Enconstructive’ that its environmental regulations current For prime levels of shieldion. Given its gentle wording, this provision would shield The united kingdom in the direction ofs critical failures To take care of environmental regulations offering for a extreme diploma of shieldion in New Zealand. Wright hereas we can’t make a definitive evaluation, It is unprobably thOn the accredited makes use of of pesticides talked about right here would rise to that diploma.

This agreement Does not create any new permissions or authorisations for imports from New Zealand. All agri-food merchandise imported into The united kingdom beneath this agreement, as now, should Adjust to our import requirements together with Maximum Residue Ranges (MRLs).

UK legislation has retained the statutory requirements of the EU regime Referring to requirements of shieldion for pesticides, together with the MRL regime.

Livestock transport conditions

The TAC concludes The subsequent in relation to staystock conditions (p.51):

Livestock transport conditions in New Zealand and The united kingdom in are in apply very comparable, Regardless of The very Incontrovertible actuality that The two nations have completely different regulatory strategyes to attaining this end. The important factor distinction is thOn The united kingdom takes a more prescriptive strategy, with a Confacetr detailed regulatory requirements and course ofes, while New Zealand’s regulations and code of apply Confacetr whether or not a given animal is match for transport.

The FTA Does not prohibit The united kingdom’s propers To handle imports of beef if this Is important To shield UK public morals. Given the comparableity in applys between The two nations, and New Zealand’s general strategy to animal welfare in its guidelines on transport conditions, It is troublesome to think about that This is in a place to be the case.

Under current UK legislation, tright here are most journey events set For every calves and cattle; most journey events are set Only for calves in New Zealand. However, each The united kingdom and New Zealand have The identical requirement for journeys to be minimised, that animals are match for the meant journey, and that journeys to slaughter Should be to The shutst out tright here slaughterhouse.^{[footnote 12]}

Annex A FSA and FSS Advice

Meals Regulars Agency and Meals Regulars Scotland
Joint Part 42 suggestion – UK-New Zealand Free Commerce Settlement

Introduction

As The united kingdom’s Meals Safety Authorities with a statutory obligation To shield food and feed shieldedty^{[footnote 13]} and consumers’ pursuits in relation to food, the Meals Regulars Agency (FSA) and Meals Regulars Scotland (FSS) have been requested by the Division for Worldbroad Commerce (DIT) on the Thirteenth May 2022 To current joint suggestion on The united kingdom-New Zealand Free Commerce Settlement (FTA), as signaled on The two8th February 2022. Particularly, FSA and FSS have been requested, in accordance with section 42(4) of the Agriculture Act 2020, To current suggestion on whether or not, or to what extent, the meaconstructives Inside The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA are According to The upprimarytain of UK levels of statutory shieldion for human well being for The worlds within FSA/FSS statutory remit. This response recurrents our suggestion to DIT’s request.

In abstract, the FSA and FSS suggestion is that:

The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA retains current food shieldedty and vitamin statutory shieldions in accordance with UK regulations and regulations
no modifications to The united kingdom food regulatory system are required To current influence to this FTA On The objective of entry into strain
the FTA textual content material preserves the regulatory autonomy of The united kingdom authorities and devolved administrations with respect to food shieldedty and vitamin associated problems And gained’t prejudge any future selections On this regard, Which might proceed to be taken by well being ministers throughout The united kingdom intypeationrmed by clear suggestion on science and proof from the FSA, FSS, and completely different professional our bodies wright here applicin a place, together with The united kingdom Nutrition and Health Clpurposes Committee. That is key to upprimarytaining statutory shieldions Finally

Scope of FSA and FSS suggestion

To mirror the FSA and FSS’s full statutory remit as organisations with devolved coverage pursuits, We’re offering suggestion on statutory shieldions for food shieldedty and vitamin^{[footnote 14]} associated problems. The suggestion Does not cowl statutory shieldions for food requirements unassociated to human well being That are out of scope of This suggestion request. The FSA and FSS will proceed To imagine about our strategy on broader human well being factors associated to food for future requests for suggestion beneath section 42(4) of the Agriculture Act 2020.

UK levels of statutory shieldion^{[footnote 15]} are outlined Inside the Agriculture Act 2020 as being The levels of shieldion, which On the time the report was made, are currentd for beneath any legislation which has influence in, or in any An factor of, The UK. Meals shieldedty and vitamin associated problems are a devolved competence, which means that any extant legislation that has authorized influence in any An factor of The united kingdom is related to this evaluation. This embraces nationbroad regulations throughout The united kingdom and retained EU regulation applicin a place within Great Britain. EU regulation that is presently applicin a place within Northern Ireland by advantage of Annex 2 of the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland Is not anyt in scope of This suggestion – article 1.2(3) of chapter 1 on Preliminary Provisions and Widespread Definitions affirms our capability to undertake, primarytain and amend meaconstructives that current for the execution of the provisions of EU regulation Which are applicin a place Inside The united kingdom in respect of Northern Ireland, whilst the Protocol reprimarys in strain. Consequently, although Artworkicle 1.2(4) currents a basis for dialogue of the influence of any such provisions, The equipment of regulations captured by the Protocol Is not anyt have an effect oned by the FTA. All references to UK statutory shieldions On This suggestion subsequently relate to the legislation described as being in scope On this paragraph.

Given The prevailing Sanitary Settlement (SA)^{[footnote 16]} between The united kingdom and New Zealand on sanitary meaconstructives applicin a place to trade in stay animals and merchandise of animal origin, the chapter Inside the FTA on Sanitary and Phytosanitary meaconstructives Does not apply to any meaconstructive or good that Is roofed by the SA. In The identical method, the agreement in precept between The united kingdom and New Zealand clarified that composite merchandise Shall be launched in scope of the SA quite than the FTA. By advantage of this, the chapter subsequently focusses on phytosanitary meaconstructives applicin a place to trade in ‘crops, plant merchandise and course ofed plant-based mostly food’. That is Confacetred On This suggestion.

Consumer and stakeprimarytainer interelaxation

In Scripting this suggestion, It Is Sort of important first set out the related broadr contextual content material in relation to shopper views and stakeprimarytainer considerations. Further to the request acquired from DIT, the FSA and FSS invited submissions on food shieldedty and vitamin statutory shieldions from Pretty A pair of parties, together with People who recurrent the pursuits of consumers. With As a Outcome of of respondents, proof acquired as An factor of this session course of related to the question our suggestion is addressing has been cited in our suggestion.

Data from current FSA and FSS shopper work togetherment surveys has persistently proven That consumers have confacetrably gooder levels of cas quickly asrn about requirements in food produced outfacet The united kingdom As in contrast with home manufacturing. In The latest wave of the FSA’s ‘Meals and You2’^{[footnote 17]} survey, which collected views from consumers in England, Wales and Northern Ireland between April and June 2021, 75% of individuals had considerations about food outfacet The united kingdom being shielded and hygienic As in contrast with 54% for food Infacet The united kingdom; 71% have been containd about food produced outfacet The united kingdom being what it says It is, As in contrast with 51% for food coming from Infacet The united kingdom. The Latest wave of FSS’s Meals in Scotland survey^{[footnote 18]} carried out in December 2021, found that 70% of respondents indicated they have been containd about food requirements and The standard of food we eat, and FSS shopper analysis carried out in September 2020 forward of EU Exit ^{[footnote 19]}found 77% of respondents have been both ‘quite or very containd’ A few drop in requirements submit Thirty first December 2021. A nationbroadly recurrentative FSA ballot carried out in November 2020^{[footnote 20]} found That nearly 8 in 10 people (78%) assisted The united kingdom primarytaining its current food requirements, Even when food produced Inside The united kingdom was Costlier And fewer aggressive Inside The worldbroad market.

In June 2021, The client organisation Which?^{[footnote 21]} carried out analysis with a nationbroadly recurrentative group Of three,263 consumers To know their views and attitudes in the direction ofs internationbroad trade. Which? additionally reported extreme levels of assist for primarytaining UK food shieldedty requirements. Of the respondents surveyed they reported that 91% thought thOn The united kingdom authorities ought to Make constructive that when agreeing trade provides The identical requirements relating To shieldedty and well being ought to apply to imports as to food produced Inside The united kingdom.

It Is apparent from this proof that primarytaining food shieldedty and well being requirements in trade provides Is important to consumers and stakeprimarytainers. Existing statutory shieldions, such as The biggest To handle for levels of shieldion applicin a place to UK consumers based mostly on science and proof, and The biggest to take proportionate precautionary movement on a provisional basis To shield consumers, will play a key position in how these requirements are primarytained in future. FSA and FSS will proceed To current science and proof-based mostly suggestion to ministers that takes Under confacetration consumers’ broadr pursuits in relation to food so thOn They will Believe that food is shielded and what it says It is as The united kingdom authorities takes forward its unbiased trade coverage.

Stakeprimarytainers have Even been clear on the signalificance Of getting strong scrutiny preparations in place for assessing the influences on human well being. Evidence put forward to the Environment Meals and Rural Affairs (EFRA) Committee by the Maintain Alliance beneathlined the obligation beneath the Agriculture Act 2020 for the Secretary of State to report on human well being statutory shieldions and for such reporting to be subject to The identical levels of transparency, proof gathering and publication as these for animals and crops.

Overview

The preamble to The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA authorized textual content material mannequins the tone for a buying and promoting agreement which is beneathpinned by some important themes Inside the contextual content material of primarytaining statutory shieldions for food shieldedty and vitamin. Particularly, the Events recognise Each completely different’s respective autonomy and proper To handle Infacet their territories So as To understand respectable public coverage objectives, together with the shieldion and promovement of public well being, public morals and animal welfare.

The initial provisions in chapter 1 assist this theme by setting out thOn the Events affirm current propers and obligations with respect To at least one ancompletely different beneath the World Commerce Organisation (WTO) Settlement. In a food shieldedty and vitamin contextual content material, these primary internationbroad propers permit The united kingdom authorities and devolved administrations to proceed to take proportionate unilateral meaconstructives needed To shield the well being of consumers throughout The united kingdom.

Given that regulatory autonomy is beneathlined as important to each Events On this FTA, it Adjust tos that no new permissions or authorisations have been agreed ‘up-entrance’ for agri-food merchandise That Are not anyt already authorised for import to The united kingdom or New Zealand. So as to access Each completely different’s Market for any new agri-food exports, every Party should submit an gentleware by way of Each completely different’s respective market access course ofes. In The united kingdom, such gentlewares are acquired, coordinated and risk assessed by the Defra-led UK Office for Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Commerce Assurance, with enter from FSA/FSS, Defra enterprisees and completely different authorities departments as applicin a place. Entry for any new agri-food merchandise would solely be permitted Adjust toing A strong evaluation To confirm a buying and promoting companion Is ready To fulfill UK import requirements. Such evaluations would additionally Take A look at food manufacturing requirements and administrations Inside the exporting nation, which could differ with out influenceing on food shieldedty. The FTA Does not embrace provisions Which have an effect on The prevailing UK ban on certain progress promoters Utilized in meat manufacturing such as hormone dealt with beef, which applies to each home and imported meals.

In The identical method, ought to a enterprise from New Zealand Want to market A mannequin new product in Great Britain (GB) such as a novel food, food additive, feed additive or geinternetinamey modified food or feed, an gentleware Must be made by way of the regulated merchandise gentleware service and bear risk analysis by FSA/FSS To Seek out out the shieldedty of the product earlier than it could be authorised by GB Ministers To be used as an ingredient in meals or feed imported into GB.^{[footnote 22]}

Implementation of this FTA Will not require any new food shieldedty legislation, nor any modifications to home regulatory food shieldedty coverage to be launched forward by the FSA or FSS So as To fulfill the obligations On The objective of entry into strain. Likewise, this FTA Will not require any new vitamin legislation to be launched forward by the accountin a place UK competent authorities.^{[footnote 23]} Furthermore, article 33.5 Inside The final Provisions chapter mannequins out explicitly that wright here reference Inside the FTA is made to regulations and regulations, that Consists of any future amendments or successor regulations or regulations (till said completely differentwise).

Both beneath WTO phrases, and beneath the phrases of this FTA, nofactor would forelaxationall The united kingdom authorities or devolved administrations from primarytaining or introducing science and proof-based mostly meaconstructives, or from taking provisional movement on The cas quickly aspt of pertinent intypeation to impose administrations or prohibitions on imported food and feed So as To fulfill The extent of food shieldedty shieldion deemed applicin a place for consumers throughout The united kingdom. This is applicin a place additionally to A potential risk posed by substances added to food for vitaminal features.

Imported food not of animal origin (FNAO) Is taken Under confacetration extremeer risk wright here It’d be contaminated with aflatoxins (such as nuts), pesticides, microbiological contamination or radiocaesium and should subsequently be imported by way of A delegated port with applicin a place amenities. These commodities are subject to an enhanced frequency of checks which embrace examination and testing. Tright here are presently no extremeer risk FNAO commodities Getting into The united kingdom from New Zealand.

Pesticide Action Community (PAN) UK has considerations that “the FTA might facilitate trade in mealstuffs includeing pesticide residues That Are not anyt presently permited To seem in UK food beset off they pose a risk to human well being” and this cas quickly asrn is shared by Maintain. New Zealand already exports A selection of agri-food merchandise to The united kingdom. In 2019, For event, New Zealand exported 44,450 tonnes of meat and meat offal, 19,140 tonnes of vegetin a places and certain roots and tubers, 42,335 tonnes of fruit, nuts, peel of citrus fruit or melons And seven9,046 tonnes of drinks, spirits and vinegar.^{[footnote 24]} Crucially, food and feed imports from New Zealand will proceed to have To fulfill UK food shieldedty and vitamin legislative requirements together with, For event, complying with any current prohibitions for unauthorised substances or for dietary vitamins and dietary supplements, As properly as to complying with most residue relaxationricts for pesticides and most levels for contaminants set by The united kingdom.

PAN UK additionally has considerations that “internationbroad requirements for pesticides come from Codex. Maximum Residue Ranges set by Codex Are typinamey extremeer than these set by UK.” Nofactor On this FTA have an effect ons The united kingdom’s current proper beneath article 3 Inside the WTO SPS Settlement which permits WTO members To use import administrations which deby way ofte from internationbroad requirements set by Codex or completely different World Commerce Organisation reference our bodies, wright here justified by risk analysis. In the pesticide event, Which suggests UK most residue relaxationricts Might Even be decrease (more strict) than these set by Codex wright here scientifinamey justified.

Animal merchandise imported to The united kingdom from New Zealand solely Achieve this on The Cas quickly aspt that New Zealand is listed as an accredited nation by The united kingdom and listed for That particular commodity. Such commodities should come from institutions that meet UK requirements. The itemizing course of Is not anyw dealt with by The united kingdom Office for SPS Commerce Assurance and contains, amongst completely different factors, audit and evaluation of A rustic’s system of official administrations and the nation’s residue monitoring plan. Further assurances that consignalments are meeting UK import requirements are currentd by the official certification accompanying the consignalment that attests thOn the product has been produced to UK requirements. Consignalments are subject to official administrations On The united kingdom border Which incompanys documentary and id checks and a proportion are subject to bodily checks Which might embrace testing for contaminants such as heavy metals or veterinary residues. Nofactor Inside the FTA take aways any Of these requirements and assurances Virtually about ongoing trade.

In assessing The upprimarytain of current statutory shieldions for food shieldedty and vitamin, The subsequent chapters are particularly related:

chapter 4 – Customs Procedures and Commerce Facilitation
chapter 5 – Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Meaconstructives
chapter 7 – Technical Obstacles to Commerce (TBT)
chapter 20 – Consumer Safety

Chapter 4 – Customs Procedures and Commerce Facilitation

Tright here are a quantity of articles On this chapter which include provisions Referring to the customs procedures for items, Partiallyicular articles 4.8 on Expedited Shipments, article 4.9 on Launch Of merchandise and article 4.10 on Perishin a place Goods. In all conditions, exemptions have been embraced Inside the textual content material and footnotes which enconstructives that wright here regulatory checks by competent authorities at border administration submits (together with food shieldedty import checks) are required, these can nonetheless be carried out as They’re now With none time constraints. This Signifies that wright here documentary, identification or bodily checks together with sampling and testing, are required for The wants of public well being shieldion, The discharge events stipulated Inside these articles Wouldn’t apply.

Artworkicle 4.11 on Hazard Management May even be pertinent to official administrations carried out by competent authorities at border administration submits. Nofactor Inside the article forelaxationalls the related authorities from persevering with to conduct risk-based mostly imported food and feed checks and surveillance as is the case now.

Chapter 5 – Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Meaconstructives

The SPS chapter textual content material agreed with New Zealand is of factorary signalificance When it Includes reserving The united kingdom’s proper To take care of current regulations and regulations To shield human life and well being, together with food shieldedty and vitamin. Furthermore It is important thOn the agreed textual content material has not impinged on The biggest method food regulation regulation and enstrainment is carried out Inside The united kingdom – The subsequent key articles outline how the textual content material obtains this:

Artworkicle 5.4 Affirmation of the SPS Settlement

Affirmation of propers and obligations beneath the WTO SPS Settlement means thOn the Events recognise that WTO phrases have primacy When it Includes The equipment of meaconstructives that shield human well being and life. Nofactor Inside the SPS chapter with New Zealand will have an effect on that and this is vital As a Outcome of the WTO SPS Settlement currents each Events with important propers That Each oneow us to respectively set our personal diploma of public well being shieldion applicin a place to the inhabitants Based on the related science and proof, socio-financials and technical feasibility (Artwork 5, WTO SPS Settlement).^{[footnote 25]}

Artworkicle 5.6 Equivalence

Artworkicle 4 of the WTO SPS Settlement on Equivalence^{[footnote 26]} obliges WTO Members To merely settle for the SPS meaconstructives of completely different Members as equal Even when these meaconstructives differ from Their very personal if the exporting Member objectively demonstprices that its meaconstructives obtain the importing Member’s applicin a place diploma of shieldion. The WTO SPS Committee developed particular steerage^{[footnote 27]} To assist Members implement this article. Such equivalence willpowers are trade facilitative and May Discover your self in smocompletely different trade Inside the merchandise have an effect oned by the regulations and regulations Which have been deemed as equal.

Noting that we Have already acquired prolonged-standing equivalence preparations in place with New Zealand for Pretty A pair of animal merchandise beneath the SA, no new equivalence willpowers for agri-food merchandise have been agreed as An factor of this FTA. High diploma guidelines re-affirming WTO phrases on the strategy every Party Should future equivalence willpowers have been agreed. FSA and FSS will play a key position aprolongedsidefacet completely different authorities departments in assessing The danger in any future equivalence requests and recommending any particular conditions of trade (which could embrace particular requirements for course ofing, packaging and so on.) Which will be required To fulfill The united kingdom’s diploma of shieldion with regard to food shieldedty. It Is important To discover that equivalence agreements Do not take away the requirement for exporters to Adjust to the importing nation’s most residue relaxationricts for pesticides and most levels for contaminants in food. Such willpowers would additionally not prohibit The united kingdom from making modifications to our SPS regime in future Inside the pursuits of consumers throughout The united kingdom, By which case any willpower Can be considered. Importantly, the willpower of equivalence relaxations with the importing celebration.

Artworkicle 5.8 Hazard Evaluation

This article reaffirms the signalificance of making certain that SPS meaconstructives are based mostly on related internationbroad requirements, cas quickly aspts or ideas, or wright here they deby way ofte, are based mostly on risk analysis that has been carried out in accordance with related provisions, Which incompanys home provisions. It additionally immediately references the article 5 WTO SPS Settlement provisions on risk evaluation Which incompanys The power to undertake provisional SPS meaconstructives on The cas quickly aspt of pertinent intypeation wright here related scientific proof is insufficient. These internationbroad guidelines beneathpInside The united kingdom’s personal framework for food shieldedty regulation – For event, UK general food regulation Consists of a precautionary precept That Can be undertakeed wright here The potential of harmful influences on well being is recognized however scientific uncertainty persists. Nofactor On this article prohibits The biggest method By which the FSA and FSS Pertype risk analysis for food and feed problems.

Artworkicle 5.9 Audit

Whether Inside the contextual content material of UK audit in New Zealand or internet hosting an inward mission from New Zealand right here Inside The united kingdom, this article mannequins a useful framework for conducting audits with a view to minimising burdens on the Events and making certain thOn the parameters of an audit are clearly communicated and agreed Prematurely. Nofactor Inside the article forelaxationalls The united kingdom from conducting an audit wright here justified for the objective of looking for assurances on New Zealand’s food shieldedty administration methods, nor does it forelaxationall The united kingdom from taking emergency food shieldedty meaconstructives as applicin a place (see para 5.11 under).

Artworkicle 5.10 Commerce Circumstances

Nofactor On this article have an effect ons The power of FSA and FSS To primarytain out its position and develop risk administration suggestion and implement food regulation as we do now.

Artworkicle 5.11 Emergency Meaconstructives

The emergency meaconstructives textual content material respects each Events’ proper to take speedy movement To shield human life and well being and lays dpersonal some parameters For a method the Events would work together in such conditions and for conducting science-based mostly considers to justify both continuance or lifting of the meaconstructives.

Artworkicle 5.12 Import checks and costs

This article Does not constraInside The united kingdom’s proper To primarytain out risk-based mostly import checks and to take applicin a place enstrainment movement wright here non-compliance is recognized, Based on current UK regulations and regulations.

Artworkicle 5.13 Official Certification

This article preserves The united kingdom’s proper to require official certification of imported meals from New Zealand wright here deemed needed So as to acquire assurances on a consignalment-by-consignalment basis that UK import requirements have been met. Paragraph 4 of this article recognises that nboth The united kingdom nor New Zealand presently require certification for low risk meals Infacet the scope of the chapter and that introduction of such Can be on a risk basis. That is Fixed with the proportionate and risk-based mostly strategy taken to food shieldedty certification Inside The united kingdom.

Artworkicle 5.14 Cooperation on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

AMR is a nationbroad stpricegic precedence for The united kingdom authorities and devolved administrations which has led to The event of a 20-yr Imaginative and prescient for AMR and The current 5-yr National Action Plan, which runs till 2024. Outputs from the FSA’s and FSS’s AMR analysis programme and cross-authorities companionship exercise is contrihowevering to the National Action Plan As properly as to enhancing our capability to beneathtake AMR food shieldedty risk evaluations To Enconstructive that future work meets important and rising challenges. The FTA textual content material on AMR promotes trade Of intypeation, expertise and knowledge on AMR surveillance which is assistive of our personal AMR analysis programmes and surveillance agenda. Tright here May even be recognition thOn The disbenefit of AMR requires a transnationbroad and multidisciplinary strategy and thOn tright here are interdependencies between animal well being, human well being, food shieldedty, food security and the environment. That is aligned with the ‘One Health’ strategy FSA and FSS are taking in relation to surveillance movements beneath the Worldbroad Action Plan.

The Maintain Alliance raised considerations over Pretty A pair of antibiotics used as progress promoters in animals reared for food manufacturing in New Zealand which, whilst not presently of medical signalificance, have potential human well being implications Finally. Nofactor On this article or Inside the FTA requires The united kingdom To vary current levels of statutory shieldion, together with that imported merchandise should Adjust to UK prohibitions or residue relaxationricts for veterinary medicines, together with antimicrobials, and nor does the FTA have an effect on The power of The united kingdom authorities to strengthen administrations Inside these spaces Finally As a Outcome of it has dedicated to do.

Artworkicle 5.15 Transparency, Notification and Intypeation Exchange

This article obliges New Zealand to promptly notify The united kingdom of any vital food shieldedty problem associated to food or feed traded with The united kingdom, and vice versa. This enhances The good relationships the FSA and FSS Have already acquired with the Emergency Contact Points Inside The mannequin new Zealand Meals Safety Authority and as members of the Worldbroad Meals Safety Authorities Community (INFOSAN). Intypeation Referring to any vital food shieldedty problem have an effect oning Northern Ireland would additionally be communicated by FSA Northern Ireland by way of the EU Rapid Alert System for Meals and Feed, as Northern Ireland is Infacet the EU regulatory zone.

Artworkicles 5.16 Technical Working Teams and 5.18 SPS Meaconstructives Sub-Committee

These articles set up fora by way of which UK and New Zealand can confacetr any matter associated to the SPS chapter. This embraces, For event, intervalinamey considering the implementation of the chapter by the Events, exchanging related intypeation and figuring out alternatives to work collaboratively. Notably, the Committee’s movements might embrace dialogue of proposed SPS meaconstructives being confacetred by both Party As properly as to resolution of SPS factors Which have an effect on trade between The two nations. It Is important To spotlight thOn these constructings Shall be working to resolve trade factors Infacet the confines of The prevailing regulatory frameworks with a Confacetr phytosanitary problems. They will sit aprolongedsidefacet The prevailing constructings beneath the Sanitary Settlement Which currents An identical discussion board To debate trade in animal merchandise. These committee constructings Aren’t meant To trade or usurp the sepaprice choice-making mechanisms and course ofes by way of which buying and promoting companions, together with New Zealand, can, For event, apply to export A mannequin new product to The united kingdom, or be typeally consulted on proposed new regulations and so on. The discussion board will assist signalsubmit To these devoted channels and facilitate communications between us. That is essential to The important dedication made by Each facet On this FTA to recognise Each completely different’s respective autonomy and sovereign proper To handle Infacet their territories and Shall be key to upprimarytaining statutory shieldions Finally.

Artworkicle 5.19 Dispute Settlement

Nboth Party has recourse to dispute settlement beneath chapter 31 (Dispute Settlement) for any matter arising beneath the SPS chapter. Non-gentleware of dispute settlement to the SPS chapter Signifies that nboth The united kingdom nor New Zealand have recourse to dispute settlement beneath the FTA for SPS problems. Any dispute would Instead Want to be raised by way of WTO mechanisms as is the case now. However, Events might make use of the FTA provisions on technical session To purpose to resolve factors bilaterally.

Chapter 7 – Technical Obstacles to Commerce (TBT)

The TBT chapter is related to The upprimarytain of statutory shieldions in relation to human well being, together with food shieldedty and vitamin associated problems, insofar As a Outcome of it preserves The united kingdom’s proper To handle Based on internationbroad WTO propers and obligations and with respect to particular marking and labelling provisions, as detailed under. Any disputes Which will come up between the Events beneath this chapter Can be subject to the dispute settlement course of set out in chapter 31 (Dispute Settlement) of the FTA.

Artworkicle 7.4 Incorporation of Sure Provisions of the TBT Settlement

Affirmation of propers and obligations beneath the WTO TBT Settlement^{[footnote 28]} means thOn the Events recognise the primacy of WTO phrases in making use of technical regulations, requirements and contypeity evaluation procedures. The agreed textual content material subsequently re-affirms The Greater of The united kingdom to implement technical meaconstructives To understand respectable coverage objectives, together with the shieldion of human well being and food shieldedty (Artwork 2, WTO TBT Settlement), and incompanys certain provisions of the TBT Settlement into the FTA.

Artworkicle 7.6 Worldbroad Regulars, Guides And proposals

This article reaffirms WTO dedications to base TBT meaconstructives on related internationbroad requirements wright here they exist. This Does not have an effect on The united kingdom’s proper To handle or require modifications to current food shieldedty or vitamin associated statutory shieldions.

Artworkicle 7.7 Equivalency of Technical Regulation

Artworkicle 2.7 of the WTO TBT Settlement obliges WTO members To current constructive confacetration To merely settle foring as equal, technical regulations of completely different members, Even when these regulations differ from Their very personal, currentd They’re glad thOn these regulations adequately fulfil The goals of Their very personal regulations.

This article reaffirms this WTO dedication, and obliges The united kingdom and New Zealand To current constructive confacetration to any request to develop further preparations or agreements for attaining the equivalence of technical regulations. As such, it Does not change current UK statutory shieldions insofar as It’d relate to technical regulations on food and feed shieldedty or vitamin associated problems.

Artworkicle 7.14 Marking and Labelling

This article builds on the general propers and obligations includeed Infacet the WTO TBT Settlement with particular reference to marking and labelling, Which incompanys marking or labelling meaconstructives required for food or feed shieldedty and vitamin associated features. In line with WTO dedications, the textual content material of this article subsequently shieldedguards The united kingdom’s proper To handle for the objective of food and feed shieldedty and vitamin labelling and Does not require modifications to current statutory shieldions Inside The united kingdom. Both The united kingdom and New Zealand should enconstructive such meaconstructives Are not anyn-discriminatory and Are not any more trade-prohibitive than Essential to fulfil respectable coverage objectives (Artworkicle 2, WTO TBT Settlement).

The article obliges The united kingdom and New Zealand To merely settle for that labelling and corrections to labelling might Happen On The objective of entry or inland, prior to the product being offered On the market, subject to nationbroad guidelines and customs procedures, Afacet from for labelling that is required for public well being or shieldedty. The article additionally currents some flexibility To permit intypeation to be currentd on imported product labelling in addition to that required by nationbroad guidelines. Wright here additional labelling is currentd it should not be deceptive, contradictory, inconsistent or complicated or compromise home requirements which is According to food intypeation guidelines. It additionally permits for marking or labelling intypeation to be currentd on detachin a place labels or accompanying documentation, wright here respectable coverage objectives Aren’t compromised. These flexibilities Do not change The need for imported merchandise from New Zealand To fulfill current UK food shieldedty and vitamin associated marking and labelling guidelines.

Chapter 20 – Consumer Safety

This chapter purposes To promote clear and influenceive shopper shieldion meaconstructives, and their enstrainment, To reintypeationrce shopper notion and welfare. It Consists of A particular article placing obligations on the Events To take care of shopper shieldion meaconstructives in the direction ofs fraudulent, deceptive, deceptive or unfair enterprise movements, together with making false clpurposes or promoting (Artworkicle 20.2). This aligns with current shopper shieldion meaconstructives Inside the Meals Safety Act 1990, that food offered On the market Should be of The character or substance or extreme quality demanded, And will not be falsely described or launched.

It additionally places an obligation on the Events To current consumers work togetherd in on-line enterprise movements with a diploma of shieldion A minimal of that currentd for completely different Sorts of commerce (Artworkicle 20.3). That is According to home requirements on The space promoting of food, insofar As a Outcome of they relate to food shieldedty or vitamin statutory shieldions.

Conclusions

We now have set out the FSA and FSS’s suggestion on the textual content material of The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA and its influence on statutory shieldions for food shieldedty and vitamin. In abstract, our conclusions are:

The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA retains current food shieldedty and vitamin statutory shieldions in accordance with UK regulations and regulations
no modifications to The united kingdom food regulatory system are required To current influence to this FTA On The objective of entry into strain
the FTA textual content material preserves the regulatory autonomy of The united kingdom authorities and devolved administrations with respect to food shieldedty and vitamin associated problems And gained’t prejudge any future selections On this regard, Which might proceed to be taken by well being ministers throughout The united kingdom intypeationrmed by clear suggestion on science and proof from the FSA, FSS and completely different professional our bodies wright here applicin a place, together with The united kingdom Nutrition and Health Clpurposes Committee. That is key to upprimarytaining statutory shieldions Finally

Report pursuant to Section 42 of the Agriculture Act 2020 (web version)

Ministerial foreword

Background

S.42 report scope and conclusions

S.42 report standards

S.42 report conclusions

TAC suggestion standards and conclusions

FSA and FSS suggestion conclusions

Free trade agreement meaconstructives

FTA chapter 5: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Meaconstructives

Chapter abstract and conclusion

Scope

Artworkicles

FTA chapter 6: Animal Welfare

Chapter abstract and conclusion

Scope

Artworkicles

FTA chapter 7: Technical Obstacles to Commerce

Chapter abstract and conclusion

Scope

Artworkicles

FTA chapter 22: Environment

Chapter abstract and conclusion

Scope

Artworkicles

Other chapters

Chapter 31 – Dispute Settlement

Chapter 32 – Widespread Provisions and Exceptions

Impact of tariffs

Tariff liberalisation Inside The united kingdom-New Zealand FTA

The influence of tariff liberalisation on UK statutory shieldions

Cas quickly asrns raised by the TAC

Pesticides

Livestock transport conditions

Annex A FSA and FSS Advice

Introduction

Scope of FSA and FSS suggestion

Consumer and stakeprimarytainer interelaxation

Overview

Relevant chapter analysis

Chapter 4 – Customs Procedures and Commerce Facilitation

Chapter 5 – Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Meaconstructives

Chapter 7 – Technical Obstacles to Commerce (TBT)

Chapter 20 – Consumer Safety

Conclusions

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